CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, DIGESTIBILITY AND AEROBIC STABILITY OF CORN SILAGES HARVESTED AT DIFFERENT MATURITY STAGES
Palavras-chave:
Digestibility. Fermentation. Fiber.Tropical climate.Resumo
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of corn plant harvested in diferente maturity stages on the chemical composition, digestibility and aerobic stability of silages. The corn used in the study was the hybrid BM3061 harvested after 114, 121, 126, 133 and 140 days of sowing at five maturity stages based on the advancement of the grain milk line (early dent (ED), 1/3 of milk line (ML), 1/2 ML, 2/3 ML and black layer (BL)). A variation from 242.7 to 377.4 g of dry matter (DM) kg-1as fed was observed between the ED and BL stages; however, the measurements performed in this study did not exhibited major changes in the composition of these silages. The silages produced with plants that were harvested at the 1/2 ML, 2/3 ML and BL stages showed lower DM loss during the fermentative process. The silages produced with plants that were harvested at the ED and 1/3 ML stages showed higher in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) (0.584 and 0.631 g g-1 of OM, respectively). The corn silages produced at the maturity stage of 2/3 ML showed a higher aerobic stability (104 hours) during the aerobic exposure. The 1/3 and 2/3 ML maturity stages seem to be the best harvest stages for the production of corn silage in tropical climates.Downloads
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Referências
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CORONA, L.; OWENS, F. N.; ZINN, R. A. Impact of corn vitreousness and processing on site and extent of digestion by feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 84, n. 11, p. 3020-3031, 2006.
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GRABBER, J. H. How Do Lignin Composition, Structure, and Cross-Linking Affect Degradability? A Review of Cell Wall Model Studies. Crop Science, Madison, v. 45, n. 3, p. 820-831, 2005.
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SCHOFIELD, P.; PITT, R. E.; PELL, A. N. Kinetics of fiber digestion from in vitro gas production. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 72, p. 2980-2991, 1994.
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SNIFFEN, C. J. et al. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 70, n. 11, p. 3562-3577, 1992.
VAN SOEST, P. J.; ROBERTSON, J. B.; LEWIS, B. A. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 74, n. 10, p. 3583-3597, 1991.
VAN SOEST, P. J.; ROBERTSON, J. B. Analysis of forages and fibrous foods. Cornell University, 1985. 202 p.
VILELA, H. H. et al. Valor nutritivo de silagens de milho colhido em diversos estádios de maturação. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, v. 37, n. 7, p. 1192-1199, 2008.
WARD, R. Fermentation Analysis: Use and Interpretation. In: Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA, 2000. p. 117-135.
WILKINSON, J. M.; DAVIES, D. R. The aerobic stability of silage: key findings and recent developments. Grass and Forage Science, Oxford, v. 68, n. 1, p. 1-192012.
ZOPOLLATTO, M. et al. Relações biométricas entre o estádio de maturação e a produtividade de híbridos de milho para produção de silagem. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, v. 38, n. 2, p. 256-264, 2009.
ARAUJO, R. C. et al. Use of blanks to determine in vitro net gas and methane production when using rumen fermentation modifiers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Amsterdam, v. 166-167, p. 155-162, 2011.
ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS. Official methods of analysis. 16. ed. AOAC, Washington, DC, USA, 1996.
ATIS, I. et al. Effects of plant maturity stage on silage quality of some silage sorghum cultivars. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Helsinki, v. 11, n. 1, p. 534-537, 2013.
BAL, M. A. Effects of hybrid type, stage of maturity, and fermentation length on whole plant corn silage quality. Turkish Journal of Veterinarian and Animal Science, Tubitak, v. 30, n. 3, p. 331-336, 2006.
CORONA, L.; OWENS, F. N.; ZINN, R. A. Impact of corn vitreousness and processing on site and extent of digestion by feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 84, n. 11, p. 3020-3031, 2006.
FERRARETTO, L. F.; SHAVER, R. D. Meta-analysis: Effect of corn silage harvest practices on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. The Professional Animal Scientist, New York, v. 28, n. 2, p. 141-149, 2012.
GRABBER, J. H. How Do Lignin Composition, Structure, and Cross-Linking Affect Degradability? A Review of Cell Wall Model Studies. Crop Science, Madison, v. 45, n. 3, p. 820-831, 2005.
HU, W. et al. The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 or Lactobacillus plantarum MTD-1 on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silages ensiled at two dry matter contents. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 92, n. 8, p. 3907-3914, 2009.
JENSEN, C. et al. Effect of maize silage maturity on site of starch and NDF digestion in lactating dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Amsterdam, v. 118, n. 3-4, p. 279-294, 2005.
JOBIM, C. C. et al. Avanços metodológicos na avaliação da qualidade da forragem conservada. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, v. 36, p. 101-119, 2007. (suplemento especial)
KHORVASH, M. et al. A. Use of absorbents and inoculants to enhance the quality of corn silage. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Ottawa, v. 86, n. 1, p. 97-107, 2006.
KIM, S. C.; ADESOGAN, A. T. Influence of ensiling temperature, simulated rainfall, and delayed sealing on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 89, n. 8, p. 3122-3132, 2006.
LANZAS, C. et al. A revised CNCPS feed carbohydrate fractionation scheme for formulating rations for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Amsterdam, v. 136, n. 3-4, p. 167-190, 2007.
MAURICIO, R. M. et al. A semi-automated in vitro gas production technique for ruminant feedstuff evaluation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Amsterdam, v. 79, n. 4, p. 321-330, 1999.
MCDONALD, P.; HENDERSON, A. R.; HERON, S. J. E. The biochemistry of silage. 2. ed. Chalcomb Publications, Marlow, Bucks, 1991. 340 p.
MENKE, K. H.; STEINGASS, H. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development, Queensland, v. 28, n. 1, p. 7-55, 1988.
MOON, N. J. Inhibition of the growth of acid tolerant yeasts by acetate, lactate and propionate and their synergistic mixtures. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, London, v. 55, n. 3, p. 453-4601983.
NADEAU, E. Effects of plant species, stage of maturity and additive on the feeding value of whole-crop cereal silage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, v. 87, n. 5, p. 789-801, 2007.
RABELO, C. H. S. et al. Perdas fermentativas e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milho inoculadas com bactérias ácido-láticas em diferentes estádios de maturidade. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, Salvador, v. 13, n. 3, p. 656-668, 2012.
RUPPEL, K. A. et al. Bunker silo management and its relationship to forage preservation on Dairy Farms. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 78, n. 1, p. 141-153, 1995.
SCHOFIELD, P.; PITT, R. E.; PELL, A. N. Kinetics of fiber digestion from in vitro gas production. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 72, p. 2980-2991, 1994.
SNEDECOR, G. W.; COCHRAN, W. G. Statistical Methods. 8. ed. Ames, Iowa: State University Press 1989.
SNIFFEN, C. J. et al. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 70, n. 11, p. 3562-3577, 1992.
VAN SOEST, P. J.; ROBERTSON, J. B.; LEWIS, B. A. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, Champaign, v. 74, n. 10, p. 3583-3597, 1991.
VAN SOEST, P. J.; ROBERTSON, J. B. Analysis of forages and fibrous foods. Cornell University, 1985. 202 p.
VILELA, H. H. et al. Valor nutritivo de silagens de milho colhido em diversos estádios de maturação. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, v. 37, n. 7, p. 1192-1199, 2008.
WARD, R. Fermentation Analysis: Use and Interpretation. In: Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA, 2000. p. 117-135.
WILKINSON, J. M.; DAVIES, D. R. The aerobic stability of silage: key findings and recent developments. Grass and Forage Science, Oxford, v. 68, n. 1, p. 1-192012.
ZOPOLLATTO, M. et al. Relações biométricas entre o estádio de maturação e a produtividade de híbridos de milho para produção de silagem. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, v. 38, n. 2, p. 256-264, 2009.
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19-05-2015
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