CULTIVO DO CAMARÃO MARINHO COM BIOFLOCOS SOB DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE PROTEÍNA COM E SEM PROBIÓTICO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252015v28n422rcPalavras-chave:
Litopenaeus vannamei. Flocos microbianos. Melaço. Proteína. Sem renovação de água.Resumo
O presente trabalho avaliou o desempenho do camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei alimentado com dietas de diferentes níveis protéicos em sistema de bioflocos com e sem a adição de probiótico. Foi adotado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 4×2, com quatro níveis de proteína na dieta (20, 25, 30 e 35% PB), como primeiro fator (P20, P25, P30 e P35), e a adição de probiótico na água de cultivo, como segundo fator (P20Pro, P25Pro, P30Pro e P35Pro). Foram utilizados 24 tanques em fibra de vidro (800 L volume útil) estocados com 300 camarões m-3 (peso inicial 1,55±0,01 g). As variáveis de qualidade da água foram mensuradas periodicamente e não apresentaram diferença estatística, exceto o teor de nitrito, influenciado significativamente (P<0,05) pelos níveis de proteína. Após 50 dias de cultivo o peso médio final dos camarões foi de 7,2±0,4 g (P≥0,05) entre os tratamentos. A interação entre os níveis protéicos e a adição de probiótico influenciaram significativamente (P<0,05) na sobrevivência (70,5-90,0%) e na biomassa final (1,3-2,0 Kg m-3). Dessa forma, em cultivo intensivo de L. vannamei, com utilização de bioflocos como fonte de alimento suplementar, é possível reduzir os níveis de proteína da ração de 35 para 25% sem comprometer o desempenho zootécnico dos camarões e a qualidade da água.Downloads
Não há dados estatísticos.
Referências
American Public Health Association (APHA), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 19. ed. Washington, DC, USA, 1995. 1082 p.
AVNIMELECH, Y. Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 176, n.3-4, p. 227-235, 1999.
AZIM, M. E., LITTLE, D. C. The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 283, n.1-4, p. 29–35, 2008.
BALLESTER, E. L. C. et al. Effect of practical diets with different protein levels on the performance of Farfantepenaeus paulensis juveniles nursed in a zero exchange suspended microbial flocs intensive system. Aquaculture Nutrition, Oxford, v. 16, n.2, p. 163-172, 2010.
BECERRA-DORAME, M. J. et al. Effect of using autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial-based-systems for the pre-grown of Litopenaeus vannamei, on the production performance and selected haemolymph parameters. Aquaculture Research, Oxford,v.45, n.5, p 944–948, 2014.
BOYD, C. E.; CLAY, J. W. Evaluation of Belize Aquaculture, Ltd: A Superintensive Shrimp Aquaculture System. Report prepared under the World Bank, NACA, WWF and FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment. Work in Progress for Public Discussion. Published by the Consortium. 2002. 17 p.
BROWDY, C. L. et al. Perspectives on the application of closed shrimp culture systems. In: JORY, E.D.; BROWDY, C.L. (Eds.) The new Wave, Proceedings of the Special Session on Sustainable Shrimp Culture. Baton Rouge, Louisiana USA, The World Aquaculture Society, 2001. v.1, cap.2, p. 20-34.
BURFORD, M. A. et al. Nutrient and microbial dynamics in high-intensity, zero-exchange shrimp ponds in Belize. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 219, n.1-4, p. 393-411, 2003.
BURFORD, M. A. et al. The effect of dietary protein on the growth and survival of the shrimp Penaeus monodon in outdoor tanks. Aquaculture Nutrition, Oxford, v. 10, n.1, p. 15-23, 2004.
CRAB, R. et al. Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 270, n.1-4, p.1-14. 2007.
CRAB, R. et al. Bioflocs technology application in over-wintering of tilapia. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 40, n.3, p. 105–112, 2009.
COHEN, J. M. et al. Characterization of water quality factors during intensive raceway production of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei using limited discharge and biosecure management tools. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 32, n.3-4, p. 425-442, 2005.
CORREIA, E. S. et al. Intensive nursery production of the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei using two commercial feeds with high and low protein content in biofloc-dominated system. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 59, n.2, p. 48-54, 2014.
DE SCHRYVER, P. et al. The basics of bioflocs technology: the added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 277, n.3-4, p. 125-137, 2008.
DEVARAJA, T. N.; YUSOFF, F. M.; SHARIFF, M. Changes in bacterial populations and shrimp production in ponds treated with commercial microbial products. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 206, n. 3-4, p. 245– 256, 2002.
FRÓES, C. N. et al. Efeitos de dietas práticas com diferentes níveis de proteína bruta na sobrevivência e crescimento do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967). Atlântica, Rio Grande, v. 29, n.1, p. 25-34, 2007.
GATESOUPE F.J. The use of probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 180, n.1-2, p. 147-165, 1999.
GOMEZ-JIMENEZ S. et al. Effect of dietary protein level on growth, survival and ammonia efflux rate of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) raised in a zero water exchange culture system. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, v. 36, n.9, p. 834-840, 2005.
GONZÁLEZ-FELIX, M. L. et al. Nitrogen budget for a low-salinity, zero-water exchange culture system: I. Effect of dietary protein level on the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, v. 38, n.8, p. 798-808, 2007.
HANDY, M. et al. Nursery trial compares filtration system performance in intensive RWs. Global Aquaculture Advocate, v. 8, n.8, p. 77–79, 2004.
HARGREAVES J. A. Photosynthetic suspended-growth systems in aquaculture. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 34, n.3, p. 344-363, 2006.
HUAI M.Y. et al. Effect of dietary protein reduction with synthetic amino acids supplementation on growth performance, digestibility, and body composition of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 18, n.3, p. 255-269, 2010.
HOPKINS, J. S. et al. Effect of water exchange rate on production, water quality, effluent characteristics and nitrogen budgets of intensive shrimp ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, v. 24, n. 3, p. 304-320, 1993.
KUHN, D. et al. Chronic toxicity of nitrate to Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: impacts on survival, growth, antenae length, and pathology. Aquaculture. Amsterdam, v. 309, n.1-4, p. 109-114, 2010.
LAKSHMANAN, R.; SOUNDARAPANDIAN, P. Effect of commercial probiotics on large scale culture of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). Research Journal of Microbiology. New York, v.3, n.3, p. 198-203, 2008.
LIN, Y. C.; CHEN, J. C. Acute toxicity of nitrite on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 224, n.1-4, p. 193-201, 2003.
MARTINEZ-CORDOVA, L. R.; CAMPAÑA-TORRES, A.; PROCHAS-CORNEJO, M. A. Dietary protein level and natural food management in the culture of blue (Litopenaeus stylirostris) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in microcosms. Aquaculture Nutrition, Oxford, v. 9, n.3, p. 155-160, 2003.
MCINTOSH, D. et al. The effect of a bacterial supplement on the high-density culturing of Litopenaeus vannamei with low-protein diet in outdoor tank system and no water exchange. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 21, n.4, p. 215- 227. 2000.
MCINTOSH, D. et al. Effects of two commercially available low-protein diets (21% and 31%) on water sediment quality, and on the production of Litopenaeus vannamei in an outdoor tank system with limited water discharge. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 25, n.2, p. 69-82, 2001.
MISHRA, J. K. et al. Performance of an intensive nursery system for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, under limited discharge condition. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 38, n.1, p. 2-15, 2008.
PONCE-PALAFOX, J. P. The Effects of salinity and temperature on the growth and survival rates of juvenile white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, Boone, 1931. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 157, n.1-2, p. 107-115, 1997.
RAY, A. J. et al. Suspended solids removal to improve shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production and an evaluation of a plant-based feed in minimal-exchange, superintensive culture systems. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 299, n.1-4, p. 89-98, 2010.
SAMOCHA, T. M. et al. Use of molasses as carbon source in limited discharge nursery and grow-out systems for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 36, n.2, p. 184-191, 2007.
SCHVEITZER, R. et al. Effect of different biofloc levels on microbial activity, water quality and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in a tank system operated with no water exchange. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 56, n.1, p. 59-70, 2013.
SCOPEL, B.R. et al. Substituição da farinha de peixe em dietas para camarões marinhos cultivados em sistema bioflocos. Pesquisa agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 46, n. 8, p. 928-934, 2011.
SHIAU, S.Y.; BAI, S. Micronutrientes in shrimp diets. In: BROWDY, C.L.; JORY, D.E. (Eds.). The rising tide, Proceedings of session on sustainable shrimp Farming, Baton Rouge, Louisiana USA, The World Aquaculture Society, 2009. v.1, cap.12, p.126-132.
SILVA, E. F. B. et al. Uso de probióticos na produção de pós‑larvas de camarão-rosa. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 47, n. 6, p. 869-874, 2012.
SILVA, E. M., et al. Effect of probiotic (Bacillus spp.) addition during larvae and postlarvae culture of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, v. 44, n.1, p. 13-21, 2013.
TSAI, S. J.; CHEN, J. C. Acute toxicity of nitrate on Penaeus monodon juveniles at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 213, n.1-4, p. 163-170, 2002.
TSENG, D. et al. Enhancement of immunity and disease resistance in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, by the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, Amsterdam, v. 26, n. 2, p. 339-344, 2009.
WASIELESKY, W. JR. et al. Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 258, n.1-4, p. 396-403, 2006.
WANG, Y. B.; XU, Z. R.; XIA, M. S. The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds. Fisheries Science, Oxford, v. 71, n.5, p. 1034–1039, 2005.
WANG, Y. B.; LI, J. R.; LIN, J. Probiotics in aquaculture: challenges and outlook. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 281, n.1-4, p. 1-4, 2008.
ZAR, J.H., Biostatistical analysis. 3. Ed. New Jersey. Prentice Hall, 1996. 622 p.
ZHOU, X.; WANG, Y.; LI, W. Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality, survival rate and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 287, n.3-4, p. 349-353, 2009.
ZIAEI - NEJAD, S. et al. The effect of Bacillus spp. bacteria used as probiotics on digestive enzyme activity, survival and growth in the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 252, n.2-4, p. 516-524, 2006.
AVNIMELECH, Y. Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 176, n.3-4, p. 227-235, 1999.
AZIM, M. E., LITTLE, D. C. The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 283, n.1-4, p. 29–35, 2008.
BALLESTER, E. L. C. et al. Effect of practical diets with different protein levels on the performance of Farfantepenaeus paulensis juveniles nursed in a zero exchange suspended microbial flocs intensive system. Aquaculture Nutrition, Oxford, v. 16, n.2, p. 163-172, 2010.
BECERRA-DORAME, M. J. et al. Effect of using autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial-based-systems for the pre-grown of Litopenaeus vannamei, on the production performance and selected haemolymph parameters. Aquaculture Research, Oxford,v.45, n.5, p 944–948, 2014.
BOYD, C. E.; CLAY, J. W. Evaluation of Belize Aquaculture, Ltd: A Superintensive Shrimp Aquaculture System. Report prepared under the World Bank, NACA, WWF and FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment. Work in Progress for Public Discussion. Published by the Consortium. 2002. 17 p.
BROWDY, C. L. et al. Perspectives on the application of closed shrimp culture systems. In: JORY, E.D.; BROWDY, C.L. (Eds.) The new Wave, Proceedings of the Special Session on Sustainable Shrimp Culture. Baton Rouge, Louisiana USA, The World Aquaculture Society, 2001. v.1, cap.2, p. 20-34.
BURFORD, M. A. et al. Nutrient and microbial dynamics in high-intensity, zero-exchange shrimp ponds in Belize. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 219, n.1-4, p. 393-411, 2003.
BURFORD, M. A. et al. The effect of dietary protein on the growth and survival of the shrimp Penaeus monodon in outdoor tanks. Aquaculture Nutrition, Oxford, v. 10, n.1, p. 15-23, 2004.
CRAB, R. et al. Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 270, n.1-4, p.1-14. 2007.
CRAB, R. et al. Bioflocs technology application in over-wintering of tilapia. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 40, n.3, p. 105–112, 2009.
COHEN, J. M. et al. Characterization of water quality factors during intensive raceway production of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei using limited discharge and biosecure management tools. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 32, n.3-4, p. 425-442, 2005.
CORREIA, E. S. et al. Intensive nursery production of the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei using two commercial feeds with high and low protein content in biofloc-dominated system. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 59, n.2, p. 48-54, 2014.
DE SCHRYVER, P. et al. The basics of bioflocs technology: the added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 277, n.3-4, p. 125-137, 2008.
DEVARAJA, T. N.; YUSOFF, F. M.; SHARIFF, M. Changes in bacterial populations and shrimp production in ponds treated with commercial microbial products. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 206, n. 3-4, p. 245– 256, 2002.
FRÓES, C. N. et al. Efeitos de dietas práticas com diferentes níveis de proteína bruta na sobrevivência e crescimento do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967). Atlântica, Rio Grande, v. 29, n.1, p. 25-34, 2007.
GATESOUPE F.J. The use of probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 180, n.1-2, p. 147-165, 1999.
GOMEZ-JIMENEZ S. et al. Effect of dietary protein level on growth, survival and ammonia efflux rate of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) raised in a zero water exchange culture system. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, v. 36, n.9, p. 834-840, 2005.
GONZÁLEZ-FELIX, M. L. et al. Nitrogen budget for a low-salinity, zero-water exchange culture system: I. Effect of dietary protein level on the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, v. 38, n.8, p. 798-808, 2007.
HANDY, M. et al. Nursery trial compares filtration system performance in intensive RWs. Global Aquaculture Advocate, v. 8, n.8, p. 77–79, 2004.
HARGREAVES J. A. Photosynthetic suspended-growth systems in aquaculture. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 34, n.3, p. 344-363, 2006.
HUAI M.Y. et al. Effect of dietary protein reduction with synthetic amino acids supplementation on growth performance, digestibility, and body composition of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 18, n.3, p. 255-269, 2010.
HOPKINS, J. S. et al. Effect of water exchange rate on production, water quality, effluent characteristics and nitrogen budgets of intensive shrimp ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, v. 24, n. 3, p. 304-320, 1993.
KUHN, D. et al. Chronic toxicity of nitrate to Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: impacts on survival, growth, antenae length, and pathology. Aquaculture. Amsterdam, v. 309, n.1-4, p. 109-114, 2010.
LAKSHMANAN, R.; SOUNDARAPANDIAN, P. Effect of commercial probiotics on large scale culture of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). Research Journal of Microbiology. New York, v.3, n.3, p. 198-203, 2008.
LIN, Y. C.; CHEN, J. C. Acute toxicity of nitrite on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 224, n.1-4, p. 193-201, 2003.
MARTINEZ-CORDOVA, L. R.; CAMPAÑA-TORRES, A.; PROCHAS-CORNEJO, M. A. Dietary protein level and natural food management in the culture of blue (Litopenaeus stylirostris) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in microcosms. Aquaculture Nutrition, Oxford, v. 9, n.3, p. 155-160, 2003.
MCINTOSH, D. et al. The effect of a bacterial supplement on the high-density culturing of Litopenaeus vannamei with low-protein diet in outdoor tank system and no water exchange. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 21, n.4, p. 215- 227. 2000.
MCINTOSH, D. et al. Effects of two commercially available low-protein diets (21% and 31%) on water sediment quality, and on the production of Litopenaeus vannamei in an outdoor tank system with limited water discharge. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 25, n.2, p. 69-82, 2001.
MISHRA, J. K. et al. Performance of an intensive nursery system for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, under limited discharge condition. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 38, n.1, p. 2-15, 2008.
PONCE-PALAFOX, J. P. The Effects of salinity and temperature on the growth and survival rates of juvenile white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, Boone, 1931. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 157, n.1-2, p. 107-115, 1997.
RAY, A. J. et al. Suspended solids removal to improve shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production and an evaluation of a plant-based feed in minimal-exchange, superintensive culture systems. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 299, n.1-4, p. 89-98, 2010.
SAMOCHA, T. M. et al. Use of molasses as carbon source in limited discharge nursery and grow-out systems for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 36, n.2, p. 184-191, 2007.
SCHVEITZER, R. et al. Effect of different biofloc levels on microbial activity, water quality and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in a tank system operated with no water exchange. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 56, n.1, p. 59-70, 2013.
SCOPEL, B.R. et al. Substituição da farinha de peixe em dietas para camarões marinhos cultivados em sistema bioflocos. Pesquisa agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 46, n. 8, p. 928-934, 2011.
SHIAU, S.Y.; BAI, S. Micronutrientes in shrimp diets. In: BROWDY, C.L.; JORY, D.E. (Eds.). The rising tide, Proceedings of session on sustainable shrimp Farming, Baton Rouge, Louisiana USA, The World Aquaculture Society, 2009. v.1, cap.12, p.126-132.
SILVA, E. F. B. et al. Uso de probióticos na produção de pós‑larvas de camarão-rosa. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 47, n. 6, p. 869-874, 2012.
SILVA, E. M., et al. Effect of probiotic (Bacillus spp.) addition during larvae and postlarvae culture of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, v. 44, n.1, p. 13-21, 2013.
TSAI, S. J.; CHEN, J. C. Acute toxicity of nitrate on Penaeus monodon juveniles at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 213, n.1-4, p. 163-170, 2002.
TSENG, D. et al. Enhancement of immunity and disease resistance in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, by the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, Amsterdam, v. 26, n. 2, p. 339-344, 2009.
WASIELESKY, W. JR. et al. Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 258, n.1-4, p. 396-403, 2006.
WANG, Y. B.; XU, Z. R.; XIA, M. S. The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds. Fisheries Science, Oxford, v. 71, n.5, p. 1034–1039, 2005.
WANG, Y. B.; LI, J. R.; LIN, J. Probiotics in aquaculture: challenges and outlook. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 281, n.1-4, p. 1-4, 2008.
ZAR, J.H., Biostatistical analysis. 3. Ed. New Jersey. Prentice Hall, 1996. 622 p.
ZHOU, X.; WANG, Y.; LI, W. Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality, survival rate and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 287, n.3-4, p. 349-353, 2009.
ZIAEI - NEJAD, S. et al. The effect of Bacillus spp. bacteria used as probiotics on digestive enzyme activity, survival and growth in the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 252, n.2-4, p. 516-524, 2006.
Downloads
Publicado
18-11-2015
Edição
Seção
Engenharia de Pesca
Licença
Os Autores que publicam na Revista Caatinga concordam com os seguintes termos:
a) Os Autores mantêm os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons do tipo atribuição CC-BY, para todo o conteúdo do periódico, exceto onde estiver identificado, que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista, sem fins comerciais.
b) Os Autores têm autorização para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
c) Os Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
