FONTES DE CARBONO E RELAÇÕES C:N NA QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA NO CULTIVO DE TILÁPIA DO NILO EM SISTEMA DE BIOFLOCO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n423rcPalavras-chave:
Oreochromis niloticus. Piscicultura. Flocos microbianos. Alevinagem.Resumo
O uso da tecnologia de biofloco (BFT) pode contribuir para a produção de peixes em regiões com reduzida água. Portanto, compreender a dinâmica da qualidade da água é essencial para o sucesso do cultivo de peixes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da água no cultivo de tilápia do Nilo em sistema sem troca de água, durante a fase de alevinagem, utilizando diferentes fontes de carbono e relações C:N. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o arranjo fatorial 2x3, contendo duas relações carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) (10:1 e 20:1) e três fontes de carbono (açúcar, melaço e amido de mandioca). Ambas as relações C:N e fontes de carbono influenciaram as variáveis alcalinidade, sólidos sedimentáveis (SS), turbidez e sólidos suspensos totais (SST) demonstrando valores significativamente mais elevados na relação C:N 20:1 (P < 0,05). As melhores fontes de carbono para a formação de flocos microbianos foram observados na utilização do melaço e açúcar na relação C:N de 10:1 e 20:1. A estabilidade dos parâmetros de qualidade de água monitorados ocorreu entre a 6 e 7 semanas de cultivo. O desempenho de tilapia do Nilo em sistema BFT fertilizado com diferentes fontes de carbono orgânico não foi significativamente diferente (P < 0,05) entre os tratamentos. A escolha de melaço para a fertilização do sistema BFT também pode ajudar a reduzir o custo de produção em regiões onde há disponibilidade deste produto.Downloads
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Referências
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APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19. ed. Washington, US: A.P.H.A/ A.AW.W.A / W.E.F, 1995. 1082 p.
AVNIMELECH, Y. Bio-filters: The need for a new comprehensive approach. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 34, n. 3. p. 172-178, 2006.
AVNIMELECH, Y. Biofloc Technology: a practical guide book. 2. ed. Baton Rouge, US: The World Aquaculture Society, 2009. 182 p.
AVNIMELECH, Y. Produção de tilapia com uso de tecnologia de bioflocos (BFT). Panorama da Aquicultura, Rio de Janeiro, v. 24, n. 142, p. 58-63, 2014
AZIM, M. E.; LITTLE, D. C. The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: Water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 283, n. 1-4, p. 29-35, 2008.
BOYD C. E.; TUCKER, C. S. Pond aquaculture water quality management. 1ª. ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA. 1998. 685 p.
BURFORD, M. A. et al. Nutrient and microbial dynamics in high-intensity, zero-exchange shrimp ponds in Belize. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 219, n. 1-4, p. 393-411, 2003.
CHEN, S.; LING, J.; BLANCHETON, J. P. Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quality factors. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 34, n. 3, p. 179-197, 2006.
CRAB, R. et al. Biofloc technology in aquaculture: beneficial affects and future challenges. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 356-357, n. 1, p. 351-356, 2012.
DESCHRYVER, P. R. et al. The basics of bio-flocs technology: the added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 277, n. 3-4, p. 125-137, 2008.
EBELING, J. M.; TIMMONS, M. B.; BISOGNI, J. J. Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 257, n. 1-4, p. 346-358, 2006.
EMERENCIANO, M.; GAXIOLA, G.; CUZON, G. Biofloc technology (BFT): a review for aquaculture application and animal food industry. 2013. Disponível em: <http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53902>. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2015.
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FUGIMURA, M. M. S. et al. Brewery residues as a source of organic carbon in Litopenaeus schmitti white shrimp farms with BFT systems. Aquaculture International, Amsterdam, v. 23, n. 2, p. 509-522, 2015.
HARGREAVES, J. A. Biofloc production systems for aquaculture. Southern regional Aquaculture Center, United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture. n. 4503, 2013, 12 p.
LIMA, E. C. R. et al. Cultivo da tilápia do Nilo Oreochromis niloticus em sistema de bioflocos com diferentes densidades de estocagem. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, Salvador, v. 16, n. 4, p. 948-957, 2015.
MARTINS, G. B. et al. The utilization of sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate or hydroxide in biofloc system: water quality, growth performance and oxidative stress of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 468, n. 1, p. 10-17, 2017.
MICHAUD, L. et al. Effect of particulate organic carbon on heterotrophic bacterial populations and nitrification efficiency in biological filters. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 34, n. 3, p. 224-233, 2006.
NOOTONG, K.; PAVASANT, P.; POWTONGSOOK, S. Effects of organic carbon addition in controlling inorganic nitrogen concentrations in a biofloc system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, v. 42, n. 3, p. 339-346, 2011.
PÉREZ-FUENTES, J. A. et al. C:N ratios affect nitrogen removal and production of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus raised in a biofloc system under high density cultivation. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 452, n. 1, p. 247-251, 2016.
SCHNEIDER, O. et al. Analysis of nutrient flows in integrated intensive aquaculture systems. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 32, n. 3-4, p. 379-401, 2005.
SAMOCHA, T. M. et al. Use of molasses as carbon source in limited discharge nursery and grow-out systems for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 36, n. 2, p. 184-191, 2007.
SERRA, F. P. et al. Use of different carbon sources for the biofloc system adopted during the nursery and grow-out culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture International, Amsterdam, v. 23, n. 6, p. 1325-1339, 2015.
VILANI, F. G. et al. Strategies for water preparation in a biofloc system: Effects of carbon source and fertilization dose on water quality and shrimp performance. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 74, n. 1, p. 70-75, 2016.
WASIELESKY, W. et al. Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 258, n. 1-4, p. 396-403, 2006.
WIDANARNI.; EKASARI, J.; MARYAM, S. Evaluation of biofloc technology application on water quality and production performance of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. cultured at different stocking densities. Hayati Journal of Biosciences, Hayati, v. 19, n. 2, p. 73-80, 2012.
WEI, Y.; LIAO, S.; WANG, A. The effect of different carbon sources on the nutritional composition, microbial community and structure of bioflocs. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 465, n. 1, p. 88-93, 2016.
ZAR, J. H. Biostatistical analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1996. 662 p.
ZHANG, N. et al. Growth, digestive enzyme activity and welfare of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in a biofloc-based system with poly-β-hydroxybutyric as a carbon source. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 464, n. 1, p. 710-717, 2016.
APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19. ed. Washington, US: A.P.H.A/ A.AW.W.A / W.E.F, 1995. 1082 p.
AVNIMELECH, Y. Bio-filters: The need for a new comprehensive approach. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 34, n. 3. p. 172-178, 2006.
AVNIMELECH, Y. Biofloc Technology: a practical guide book. 2. ed. Baton Rouge, US: The World Aquaculture Society, 2009. 182 p.
AVNIMELECH, Y. Produção de tilapia com uso de tecnologia de bioflocos (BFT). Panorama da Aquicultura, Rio de Janeiro, v. 24, n. 142, p. 58-63, 2014
AZIM, M. E.; LITTLE, D. C. The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: Water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 283, n. 1-4, p. 29-35, 2008.
BOYD C. E.; TUCKER, C. S. Pond aquaculture water quality management. 1ª. ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA. 1998. 685 p.
BURFORD, M. A. et al. Nutrient and microbial dynamics in high-intensity, zero-exchange shrimp ponds in Belize. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 219, n. 1-4, p. 393-411, 2003.
CHEN, S.; LING, J.; BLANCHETON, J. P. Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quality factors. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 34, n. 3, p. 179-197, 2006.
CRAB, R. et al. Biofloc technology in aquaculture: beneficial affects and future challenges. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 356-357, n. 1, p. 351-356, 2012.
DESCHRYVER, P. R. et al. The basics of bio-flocs technology: the added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 277, n. 3-4, p. 125-137, 2008.
EBELING, J. M.; TIMMONS, M. B.; BISOGNI, J. J. Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 257, n. 1-4, p. 346-358, 2006.
EMERENCIANO, M.; GAXIOLA, G.; CUZON, G. Biofloc technology (BFT): a review for aquaculture application and animal food industry. 2013. Disponível em: <http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53902>. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2015.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION - FAO. Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit. FishStat plus: universal software for fishery statistical time series. Version 2.3. Rome. 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.asp>. Acesso em: 01 dez. 2014.
FUGIMURA, M. M. S. et al. Brewery residues as a source of organic carbon in Litopenaeus schmitti white shrimp farms with BFT systems. Aquaculture International, Amsterdam, v. 23, n. 2, p. 509-522, 2015.
HARGREAVES, J. A. Biofloc production systems for aquaculture. Southern regional Aquaculture Center, United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture. n. 4503, 2013, 12 p.
LIMA, E. C. R. et al. Cultivo da tilápia do Nilo Oreochromis niloticus em sistema de bioflocos com diferentes densidades de estocagem. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, Salvador, v. 16, n. 4, p. 948-957, 2015.
MARTINS, G. B. et al. The utilization of sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate or hydroxide in biofloc system: water quality, growth performance and oxidative stress of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 468, n. 1, p. 10-17, 2017.
MICHAUD, L. et al. Effect of particulate organic carbon on heterotrophic bacterial populations and nitrification efficiency in biological filters. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 34, n. 3, p. 224-233, 2006.
NOOTONG, K.; PAVASANT, P.; POWTONGSOOK, S. Effects of organic carbon addition in controlling inorganic nitrogen concentrations in a biofloc system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, v. 42, n. 3, p. 339-346, 2011.
PÉREZ-FUENTES, J. A. et al. C:N ratios affect nitrogen removal and production of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus raised in a biofloc system under high density cultivation. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 452, n. 1, p. 247-251, 2016.
SCHNEIDER, O. et al. Analysis of nutrient flows in integrated intensive aquaculture systems. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 32, n. 3-4, p. 379-401, 2005.
SAMOCHA, T. M. et al. Use of molasses as carbon source in limited discharge nursery and grow-out systems for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 36, n. 2, p. 184-191, 2007.
SERRA, F. P. et al. Use of different carbon sources for the biofloc system adopted during the nursery and grow-out culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture International, Amsterdam, v. 23, n. 6, p. 1325-1339, 2015.
VILANI, F. G. et al. Strategies for water preparation in a biofloc system: Effects of carbon source and fertilization dose on water quality and shrimp performance. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 74, n. 1, p. 70-75, 2016.
WASIELESKY, W. et al. Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 258, n. 1-4, p. 396-403, 2006.
WIDANARNI.; EKASARI, J.; MARYAM, S. Evaluation of biofloc technology application on water quality and production performance of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. cultured at different stocking densities. Hayati Journal of Biosciences, Hayati, v. 19, n. 2, p. 73-80, 2012.
WEI, Y.; LIAO, S.; WANG, A. The effect of different carbon sources on the nutritional composition, microbial community and structure of bioflocs. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 465, n. 1, p. 88-93, 2016.
ZAR, J. H. Biostatistical analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1996. 662 p.
ZHANG, N. et al. Growth, digestive enzyme activity and welfare of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in a biofloc-based system with poly-β-hydroxybutyric as a carbon source. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 464, n. 1, p. 710-717, 2016.
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Publicado
14-06-2017
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Engenharia de Pesca
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