CARBON SOURCES AND C:N RATIOS ON WATER QUALITY FOR NILE TILAPIA FARMING IN BIOFLOC SYSTEM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n423rcKeywords:
Oreochromis niloticus. Fish farming. Microbial flocs. Fingerling stage.Abstract
The use of biofloc technology (BFT) can improve fish production in regions with low water availability. Therefore, information on dynamics of water quality is essential for success in fish rearing. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the water quality for Nile tilapia farming in a system without water exchange, during the fingerling stage, using different sources of carbon and C:N ratios. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, with two carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) ratios (10:1 and 20:1) and three carbon sources (sugar, molasses and cassava starch). The C:N ratio and carbon source affected the variables alkalinity, settleable solids (SS), turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS), showing significantly higher values at C:N ratio of 20:1 (P < 0.05). The best carbon source for microbial floc formation were the molasses and sugar, under C:N ratios of 10:1 and 20:1. The stability of the monitored water quality parameters occurred from 6 to 7 weeks of rearing. The growth performance of Nile tilapia in BFT system fertilized with different organic carbon sources was not significantly different (P < 0.05) between treatments. The use of molasses to fertilize BFT systems can reduce costs of production in regions where this product is available.Downloads
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References
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AZIM, M. E.; LITTLE, D. C. The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: Water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 283, n. 1-4, p. 29-35, 2008.
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EBELING, J. M.; TIMMONS, M. B.; BISOGNI, J. J. Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 257, n. 1-4, p. 346-358, 2006.
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MICHAUD, L. et al. Effect of particulate organic carbon on heterotrophic bacterial populations and nitrification efficiency in biological filters. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 34, n. 3, p. 224-233, 2006.
NOOTONG, K.; PAVASANT, P.; POWTONGSOOK, S. Effects of organic carbon addition in controlling inorganic nitrogen concentrations in a biofloc system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, v. 42, n. 3, p. 339-346, 2011.
PÉREZ-FUENTES, J. A. et al. C:N ratios affect nitrogen removal and production of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus raised in a biofloc system under high density cultivation. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 452, n. 1, p. 247-251, 2016.
SCHNEIDER, O. et al. Analysis of nutrient flows in integrated intensive aquaculture systems. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 32, n. 3-4, p. 379-401, 2005.
SAMOCHA, T. M. et al. Use of molasses as carbon source in limited discharge nursery and grow-out systems for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 36, n. 2, p. 184-191, 2007.
SERRA, F. P. et al. Use of different carbon sources for the biofloc system adopted during the nursery and grow-out culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture International, Amsterdam, v. 23, n. 6, p. 1325-1339, 2015.
VILANI, F. G. et al. Strategies for water preparation in a biofloc system: Effects of carbon source and fertilization dose on water quality and shrimp performance. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 74, n. 1, p. 70-75, 2016.
WASIELESKY, W. et al. Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 258, n. 1-4, p. 396-403, 2006.
WIDANARNI.; EKASARI, J.; MARYAM, S. Evaluation of biofloc technology application on water quality and production performance of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. cultured at different stocking densities. Hayati Journal of Biosciences, Hayati, v. 19, n. 2, p. 73-80, 2012.
WEI, Y.; LIAO, S.; WANG, A. The effect of different carbon sources on the nutritional composition, microbial community and structure of bioflocs. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 465, n. 1, p. 88-93, 2016.
ZAR, J. H. Biostatistical analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1996. 662 p.
ZHANG, N. et al. Growth, digestive enzyme activity and welfare of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in a biofloc-based system with poly-β-hydroxybutyric as a carbon source. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 464, n. 1, p. 710-717, 2016.
APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19. ed. Washington, US: A.P.H.A/ A.AW.W.A / W.E.F, 1995. 1082 p.
AVNIMELECH, Y. Bio-filters: The need for a new comprehensive approach. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 34, n. 3. p. 172-178, 2006.
AVNIMELECH, Y. Biofloc Technology: a practical guide book. 2. ed. Baton Rouge, US: The World Aquaculture Society, 2009. 182 p.
AVNIMELECH, Y. Produção de tilapia com uso de tecnologia de bioflocos (BFT). Panorama da Aquicultura, Rio de Janeiro, v. 24, n. 142, p. 58-63, 2014
AZIM, M. E.; LITTLE, D. C. The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: Water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 283, n. 1-4, p. 29-35, 2008.
BOYD C. E.; TUCKER, C. S. Pond aquaculture water quality management. 1ª. ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA. 1998. 685 p.
BURFORD, M. A. et al. Nutrient and microbial dynamics in high-intensity, zero-exchange shrimp ponds in Belize. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 219, n. 1-4, p. 393-411, 2003.
CHEN, S.; LING, J.; BLANCHETON, J. P. Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quality factors. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 34, n. 3, p. 179-197, 2006.
CRAB, R. et al. Biofloc technology in aquaculture: beneficial affects and future challenges. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 356-357, n. 1, p. 351-356, 2012.
DESCHRYVER, P. R. et al. The basics of bio-flocs technology: the added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 277, n. 3-4, p. 125-137, 2008.
EBELING, J. M.; TIMMONS, M. B.; BISOGNI, J. J. Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 257, n. 1-4, p. 346-358, 2006.
EMERENCIANO, M.; GAXIOLA, G.; CUZON, G. Biofloc technology (BFT): a review for aquaculture application and animal food industry. 2013. Disponível em: <http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53902>. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2015.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION - FAO. Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit. FishStat plus: universal software for fishery statistical time series. Version 2.3. Rome. 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.asp>. Acesso em: 01 dez. 2014.
FUGIMURA, M. M. S. et al. Brewery residues as a source of organic carbon in Litopenaeus schmitti white shrimp farms with BFT systems. Aquaculture International, Amsterdam, v. 23, n. 2, p. 509-522, 2015.
HARGREAVES, J. A. Biofloc production systems for aquaculture. Southern regional Aquaculture Center, United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture. n. 4503, 2013, 12 p.
LIMA, E. C. R. et al. Cultivo da tilápia do Nilo Oreochromis niloticus em sistema de bioflocos com diferentes densidades de estocagem. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, Salvador, v. 16, n. 4, p. 948-957, 2015.
MARTINS, G. B. et al. The utilization of sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate or hydroxide in biofloc system: water quality, growth performance and oxidative stress of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 468, n. 1, p. 10-17, 2017.
MICHAUD, L. et al. Effect of particulate organic carbon on heterotrophic bacterial populations and nitrification efficiency in biological filters. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 34, n. 3, p. 224-233, 2006.
NOOTONG, K.; PAVASANT, P.; POWTONGSOOK, S. Effects of organic carbon addition in controlling inorganic nitrogen concentrations in a biofloc system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, v. 42, n. 3, p. 339-346, 2011.
PÉREZ-FUENTES, J. A. et al. C:N ratios affect nitrogen removal and production of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus raised in a biofloc system under high density cultivation. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 452, n. 1, p. 247-251, 2016.
SCHNEIDER, O. et al. Analysis of nutrient flows in integrated intensive aquaculture systems. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 32, n. 3-4, p. 379-401, 2005.
SAMOCHA, T. M. et al. Use of molasses as carbon source in limited discharge nursery and grow-out systems for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 36, n. 2, p. 184-191, 2007.
SERRA, F. P. et al. Use of different carbon sources for the biofloc system adopted during the nursery and grow-out culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture International, Amsterdam, v. 23, n. 6, p. 1325-1339, 2015.
VILANI, F. G. et al. Strategies for water preparation in a biofloc system: Effects of carbon source and fertilization dose on water quality and shrimp performance. Aquacultural Engineering, Oxford, v. 74, n. 1, p. 70-75, 2016.
WASIELESKY, W. et al. Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 258, n. 1-4, p. 396-403, 2006.
WIDANARNI.; EKASARI, J.; MARYAM, S. Evaluation of biofloc technology application on water quality and production performance of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. cultured at different stocking densities. Hayati Journal of Biosciences, Hayati, v. 19, n. 2, p. 73-80, 2012.
WEI, Y.; LIAO, S.; WANG, A. The effect of different carbon sources on the nutritional composition, microbial community and structure of bioflocs. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 465, n. 1, p. 88-93, 2016.
ZAR, J. H. Biostatistical analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1996. 662 p.
ZHANG, N. et al. Growth, digestive enzyme activity and welfare of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in a biofloc-based system with poly-β-hydroxybutyric as a carbon source. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 464, n. 1, p. 710-717, 2016.
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Published
14-06-2017
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Fishery Engineering
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