NUTRICIONAL ASSESSMENT OF INGREDIENTS USED IN PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP FEED
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n323rcKeywords:
Alternative food. Digestible energy. Litopenaeus vannamei.Abstract
Studies on feeding and nutrition of shrimp are still quite scarce; little is known about the use of agribusiness byproducts in shrimp diets. Therefore, this study aimed to perform nutritional and energy assessments of protein-based ingredients for feed of shrimp of the Litopenaeus vannamei species. The design was completely randomized, with six treatments and four replications: a standard diet and five test diets composed of 70% standard diet and 30% test ingredients (poultry viscera flour - PVF, cassava leaf hay - CLH, shrimp head flour - SHF, sugarcane yeast - SCY and castor bean meal - CBM). We used a total of 720 shrimps with mean weight of 8 g each. The parameters of quality showed no significant change by the Tukey’s test (p > 0.05). The apparent digestibility coefficients of PVF, CLH, SHF, SCY and CBM were respectively 27.44, 76.26, 77.78 and 90.10% for dry matter; 76.61, 70.44, 97.67 and 78.29% for protein; and 33.10, 51.19, 90.70 and 78.05% for gross energy. The digestible energy of the ingredients was 1749, 2457, 3914, 3030 and 2130 kcal/ kg; and digestible protein was 42.4, 16.09, 54.62, 23.71 and 14.31%. The SHF reached the highest coefficients of apparent digestibility, crude protein, gross energy and digestible energy. The SCY had the largest apparent digestibility of dry matter. Both SHF and SCY presented improved availability of nutrients and energy for L. vannamei.Downloads
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References
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AKIYAMA, D. M. et al. Apparent digestibility of feedstuffs by the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei BOONE. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, Tokyo, v. 55, n. 1, p. 91–98, 1989.
ANNONGU A. A.; JOSEPH J. K. Proximate analysis of castor seeds and cake. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, Toronto, v. 12, n. 1, p. 39- 41, 2008.
AOAC. Official methods of analysis of the Association Analytical Chemists. 18. ed. Gaithersburg, Maryland, 2005.
ASSIS, A. S.; STAMFORD, T. C. M.; STAMFORD, T. L. M. Bioconversão de resíduos de camarão Litopenaeus vannamei (Booner, 1931) para produção de biofilme de quitosana. Revista Iberoamericana de Polímeros, Logroño, v. 9, n. 8, p. 480-499, 2008.
BHASKAR, N. et al. Yield and chemical composition of fractions from fermented shrimp biowaste. Waste Management & Research, Nassaulaan, v. 28, n. 1, p. 64–70, 2010.
BUENO, C. F. D. et al. Torta de mamona destoxificada para alimentação de poedeiras comerciais. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 44, n. 3, p. 538-543, 2014.
BUGLIONE‑NETO, C. et al. Métodos para determinação da digestibilidade aparente de dietas para camarão marinho suplementadas com probiótico. Pesquisa agropecuária brasileira, Brasília, v. 48, n. 8, p. 1021-1027, 2013.
CARVALHO, R. A. P. L. F. Desenvolvimento de um sistema de recirculação para estudos sobre digestibilidade em condições de alto desempenho para camarões marinhos: Avaliação de ingredientes proteicos alternativos à farinha de peixe em diferentes níveis de inclusão em dietas para juvenis de Litopenaeus vannamei. 2011. 267 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências: Área de Concentração em Oceanografia Biológica) – Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2011.
CRUZ-SUÁREZ, L. E. et al. Replacement of fish meal with poultry by-product meal in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei, and digestibility of the tested ingredients and diets. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 272, n. 1-4, p. 466-476, 2007.
CUMMINS,V. C. et al. Replacement of fish meal with soybean meal, alone or in combination with distiller’s dried grains with solubles in practical diets for pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, Grown in a Clear-Water Culture System. Journal of the world aquaculture society, Baton Rouge, v. 44, n. 6, p. 775-785, 2013.
DA, C. T.; LUNDH, T.; LINDBERG, J. E. Evaluation of local feed resources as alternatives to fish meal in terms of growth performance, feed utilisation and biological indices of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fingerlings. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 364-365, n. 1, p. 150-156, 2012.
DASTIDAR, P. G.; MALLIK, A.; MANDAL, N. Contribution of shrimp disease research to the development of the shrimp aquaculture industry:an analysis of the research and innovation structure across the countries. Scientometrics, Budapest, v. 97, n. 1, p. 659–674, 2013.
GOLTERMAN, H. L.; CLYMO, R. S; OHNSTAD, M. A. M. Methods for physical and chemical analisis of freshwaters, London: Blakwell Science Publication, 1978, 214 p.
GHUO, R. et al. Effect of dietary cornstarch levels on growth performance, digestibility and microscopic structure in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei reared in brackish water. Aquaculture Nutrition, Oxford, v. 12, n. 1, p. 83–88, 2006.
HAVIRD, J. C.; SANTOS, S. R.; HENRY, R. P. Osmoregulation in the Hawaiian anchialine shrimp Halocaridina rubra (Crustacea: Atyidae): expression of ion transporters, mitochondria-rich cell proliferation and hemolymph osmolality during salinity transfers. The Journal of Experimental Biology, Cambridge, v. 217, n. 1, p. 2309-2320, 2014.
HISANO, H. et al. Composição nutricional e digestibilidade aparente da levedura íntegra, da levedura autolisada e da parede celular pela tilápia-do-Nilo. Ciência Animal Brasileira, Goiânia, v. 9, n. 1, p. 43-49, 2008.
HISANO, H. et al. Desempenho produtivo de alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo alimentados com levedura e derivados. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 42, n. 7, p. 1035-1042, 2007.
HU, Y. et al. Growth and body composition of juvenile white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, fed different ratios of dietary protein to energy. Aquaculture Nutrition, Oxford, v. 14, n. 6, p. 499–506, 2008.
LEI, C. H.; HSIEH, L. Y.; CHEN, C. K. Effects of salinity on the oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of young juvenile of the grass shrimp, Penaeusmonodon Fabricius. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, v. 28, n. 1, p. 245–256, 1989.
LEMOS, D.; LAWRENCE, A. L.; SICCARDI III, A. J. Prediction of apparent protein digestibility of ingredients and diets by in vitro pH‑stat degree of protein hydrolysis with species‑specific enzymes for juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 295, n. 1, p. 89-98, 2009.
LIMA, S. B. P. et al. Valor nutricional da farinha de cabeça do camarão marinho Litopenaeus
vannamei para frangos de corte. Revista Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 20, n. 3, p. 38-41, 2007.
LIN, H.Z. et al. Effect of dietary traditional Chinese medicines on apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 253, n. 1-4, p. 495–501, 2006.
LOURENÇO, J. A. et al. Influência de diferentes dietas no desenvolvimento do camarão Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) em berçários intensivos. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, Maringá, v. 31, n. 1, p. 1-7, 2009.
MOTA, C. J. A.; PESTANA, C. F. M. Co-produtos da Produção de Biodiesel. Revista Virtual de Quimica, Niterói, v. 3, n. 5, p. 416-425, 2011.
MU, Y. Y. et al. Protein digestibility and amino acid availability of several protein sources for juvenile Chinese hairy crab Eriocheirsinensis H. Milne-Edwards (Decapoda, Grapsidae). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, v. 31, n. 10, p. 757-765, 2000.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (NRC): Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2011, 432 p.
NOSE, T. Recents advances in the study of fish digestion in Japan. In: SYMPOSIUM ON FEEDING TROUT AND SALMON CULTURE, SC II7., 1966, Belgrade. Anais... Belgrade: EIFAC, 1966. p. 17.
OLMOS, J. et al. Funcional feed assessment on Litopenaus vannamei using 100% fish meal replacement by soybean meal, high levels of complex carbohydrates and bacillus probiotic strains. Marine Drugs, Basileia, v. 6, n. 6, p. 1119 – 1132, 2011.
OUJIFARD, A. et al. Growth and apparent digestibility of nutrients, fatty acids and amino acids in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, fed diets with rice protein concentrate as total and partial replacement of fish meal. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 342-343, n. 1, p. 56–61, 2012.
POVEDA-PARRA, A. R. et al. Levedura de cana-de-açúcar spray dry na alimentação de suínos na fase de crescimento e terminação. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, v. 65, n. 1, p. 221-230, 2013.
PRAPAIWONG, N.; BOYD, C. E. Trace elements in waters of inland, low-salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, v. 45, n. 2, p. 327–333, 2014.
RAMOS, A. P. S. et al. Digestibility of agro-industrial byproducts in 200 and 300-g Nile tilapia. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, v. 41, n. 2, p.4 62-466, 2012.
REIGHT, R. C.; BRADEN, S. L.; CRAIG, R. J. Apparent digestibility coefficients for common feedstuffs in formulated diets for red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clrkii. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 84, n. 3-4, p. 321-334, 1990.
ROSAS, C. et al. An energetic and conceptual model of the physiological role of dietary carbohydrates and salinity on Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles. Journal Experimental Marine Biology, Christchurch, v. 268, n. 1, p. 47-67, 2002.
SAKOMURA, N. K.; ROSTAGNO, H. S. Métodos de pesquisa em nutrição de monogástricos. Jaboticabal, SP: FUNEP, 2007. 283 p.
SANTOS, E. L. et al. Digestibilidade de subprodutos da mandioca para a Tilápia do Nilo. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias, Recife, v. 4, n. 3, p. 358-362, 2009.
SAS. SAS Software.Version 9.1. Cary, North Carolina: SAS Institute Inc., 1999.
SICCARDI, A. J. et al. Digestibilidad aparente de energia, proteína y material seca de ingredientes utilizados em alimentos balanceados para El camarón Blanco Del pacifico Litopenaeus vannamei. In: VIII SIMPOSIUM INTERNACIONAL DE NUTRICION ACUÍCOLA, 2006, Monterrey. Anais... Monterrey: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 2006. p. 213-237.
TACON, A. G. J., METIAN, M., HASAN, M. R. Feed ingredients and fertilizers for farmed aquatic animals sources and composition. Roma: Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical, FAO, 2009. n. 540, 209p. Disponível em: <http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1142e/i1142e00.htm>.Acesso em:10 marc. 2013.
TERRAZAS-FIERRO, M. M. et al. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein, and essential amino acid in marine feedstuffs for juvenile whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 308, n. 1, p. 166-173, 2010.
TRAM, N. D. Q. et al. A comparative study on the apparent digestibility of selected feedstuffs in hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus × Clarias gariepinus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Nutrition, Oxford, v. 17, n. 2, p. 636-643, 2011.
YANG, Q. et al. Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone. Aquacultu re Research, Oxford, v. 41, n. 1, p. 78-86, 2009.
AKIYAMA, D. M. et al. Apparent digestibility of feedstuffs by the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei BOONE. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, Tokyo, v. 55, n. 1, p. 91–98, 1989.
ANNONGU A. A.; JOSEPH J. K. Proximate analysis of castor seeds and cake. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, Toronto, v. 12, n. 1, p. 39- 41, 2008.
AOAC. Official methods of analysis of the Association Analytical Chemists. 18. ed. Gaithersburg, Maryland, 2005.
ASSIS, A. S.; STAMFORD, T. C. M.; STAMFORD, T. L. M. Bioconversão de resíduos de camarão Litopenaeus vannamei (Booner, 1931) para produção de biofilme de quitosana. Revista Iberoamericana de Polímeros, Logroño, v. 9, n. 8, p. 480-499, 2008.
BHASKAR, N. et al. Yield and chemical composition of fractions from fermented shrimp biowaste. Waste Management & Research, Nassaulaan, v. 28, n. 1, p. 64–70, 2010.
BUENO, C. F. D. et al. Torta de mamona destoxificada para alimentação de poedeiras comerciais. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 44, n. 3, p. 538-543, 2014.
BUGLIONE‑NETO, C. et al. Métodos para determinação da digestibilidade aparente de dietas para camarão marinho suplementadas com probiótico. Pesquisa agropecuária brasileira, Brasília, v. 48, n. 8, p. 1021-1027, 2013.
CARVALHO, R. A. P. L. F. Desenvolvimento de um sistema de recirculação para estudos sobre digestibilidade em condições de alto desempenho para camarões marinhos: Avaliação de ingredientes proteicos alternativos à farinha de peixe em diferentes níveis de inclusão em dietas para juvenis de Litopenaeus vannamei. 2011. 267 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências: Área de Concentração em Oceanografia Biológica) – Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2011.
CRUZ-SUÁREZ, L. E. et al. Replacement of fish meal with poultry by-product meal in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei, and digestibility of the tested ingredients and diets. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 272, n. 1-4, p. 466-476, 2007.
CUMMINS,V. C. et al. Replacement of fish meal with soybean meal, alone or in combination with distiller’s dried grains with solubles in practical diets for pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, Grown in a Clear-Water Culture System. Journal of the world aquaculture society, Baton Rouge, v. 44, n. 6, p. 775-785, 2013.
DA, C. T.; LUNDH, T.; LINDBERG, J. E. Evaluation of local feed resources as alternatives to fish meal in terms of growth performance, feed utilisation and biological indices of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fingerlings. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 364-365, n. 1, p. 150-156, 2012.
DASTIDAR, P. G.; MALLIK, A.; MANDAL, N. Contribution of shrimp disease research to the development of the shrimp aquaculture industry:an analysis of the research and innovation structure across the countries. Scientometrics, Budapest, v. 97, n. 1, p. 659–674, 2013.
GOLTERMAN, H. L.; CLYMO, R. S; OHNSTAD, M. A. M. Methods for physical and chemical analisis of freshwaters, London: Blakwell Science Publication, 1978, 214 p.
GHUO, R. et al. Effect of dietary cornstarch levels on growth performance, digestibility and microscopic structure in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei reared in brackish water. Aquaculture Nutrition, Oxford, v. 12, n. 1, p. 83–88, 2006.
HAVIRD, J. C.; SANTOS, S. R.; HENRY, R. P. Osmoregulation in the Hawaiian anchialine shrimp Halocaridina rubra (Crustacea: Atyidae): expression of ion transporters, mitochondria-rich cell proliferation and hemolymph osmolality during salinity transfers. The Journal of Experimental Biology, Cambridge, v. 217, n. 1, p. 2309-2320, 2014.
HISANO, H. et al. Composição nutricional e digestibilidade aparente da levedura íntegra, da levedura autolisada e da parede celular pela tilápia-do-Nilo. Ciência Animal Brasileira, Goiânia, v. 9, n. 1, p. 43-49, 2008.
HISANO, H. et al. Desempenho produtivo de alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo alimentados com levedura e derivados. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 42, n. 7, p. 1035-1042, 2007.
HU, Y. et al. Growth and body composition of juvenile white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, fed different ratios of dietary protein to energy. Aquaculture Nutrition, Oxford, v. 14, n. 6, p. 499–506, 2008.
LEI, C. H.; HSIEH, L. Y.; CHEN, C. K. Effects of salinity on the oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of young juvenile of the grass shrimp, Penaeusmonodon Fabricius. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, v. 28, n. 1, p. 245–256, 1989.
LEMOS, D.; LAWRENCE, A. L.; SICCARDI III, A. J. Prediction of apparent protein digestibility of ingredients and diets by in vitro pH‑stat degree of protein hydrolysis with species‑specific enzymes for juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 295, n. 1, p. 89-98, 2009.
LIMA, S. B. P. et al. Valor nutricional da farinha de cabeça do camarão marinho Litopenaeus
vannamei para frangos de corte. Revista Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 20, n. 3, p. 38-41, 2007.
LIN, H.Z. et al. Effect of dietary traditional Chinese medicines on apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 253, n. 1-4, p. 495–501, 2006.
LOURENÇO, J. A. et al. Influência de diferentes dietas no desenvolvimento do camarão Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) em berçários intensivos. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, Maringá, v. 31, n. 1, p. 1-7, 2009.
MOTA, C. J. A.; PESTANA, C. F. M. Co-produtos da Produção de Biodiesel. Revista Virtual de Quimica, Niterói, v. 3, n. 5, p. 416-425, 2011.
MU, Y. Y. et al. Protein digestibility and amino acid availability of several protein sources for juvenile Chinese hairy crab Eriocheirsinensis H. Milne-Edwards (Decapoda, Grapsidae). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, v. 31, n. 10, p. 757-765, 2000.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (NRC): Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2011, 432 p.
NOSE, T. Recents advances in the study of fish digestion in Japan. In: SYMPOSIUM ON FEEDING TROUT AND SALMON CULTURE, SC II7., 1966, Belgrade. Anais... Belgrade: EIFAC, 1966. p. 17.
OLMOS, J. et al. Funcional feed assessment on Litopenaus vannamei using 100% fish meal replacement by soybean meal, high levels of complex carbohydrates and bacillus probiotic strains. Marine Drugs, Basileia, v. 6, n. 6, p. 1119 – 1132, 2011.
OUJIFARD, A. et al. Growth and apparent digestibility of nutrients, fatty acids and amino acids in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, fed diets with rice protein concentrate as total and partial replacement of fish meal. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 342-343, n. 1, p. 56–61, 2012.
POVEDA-PARRA, A. R. et al. Levedura de cana-de-açúcar spray dry na alimentação de suínos na fase de crescimento e terminação. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, v. 65, n. 1, p. 221-230, 2013.
PRAPAIWONG, N.; BOYD, C. E. Trace elements in waters of inland, low-salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, v. 45, n. 2, p. 327–333, 2014.
RAMOS, A. P. S. et al. Digestibility of agro-industrial byproducts in 200 and 300-g Nile tilapia. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, v. 41, n. 2, p.4 62-466, 2012.
REIGHT, R. C.; BRADEN, S. L.; CRAIG, R. J. Apparent digestibility coefficients for common feedstuffs in formulated diets for red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clrkii. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 84, n. 3-4, p. 321-334, 1990.
ROSAS, C. et al. An energetic and conceptual model of the physiological role of dietary carbohydrates and salinity on Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles. Journal Experimental Marine Biology, Christchurch, v. 268, n. 1, p. 47-67, 2002.
SAKOMURA, N. K.; ROSTAGNO, H. S. Métodos de pesquisa em nutrição de monogástricos. Jaboticabal, SP: FUNEP, 2007. 283 p.
SANTOS, E. L. et al. Digestibilidade de subprodutos da mandioca para a Tilápia do Nilo. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias, Recife, v. 4, n. 3, p. 358-362, 2009.
SAS. SAS Software.Version 9.1. Cary, North Carolina: SAS Institute Inc., 1999.
SICCARDI, A. J. et al. Digestibilidad aparente de energia, proteína y material seca de ingredientes utilizados em alimentos balanceados para El camarón Blanco Del pacifico Litopenaeus vannamei. In: VIII SIMPOSIUM INTERNACIONAL DE NUTRICION ACUÍCOLA, 2006, Monterrey. Anais... Monterrey: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 2006. p. 213-237.
TACON, A. G. J., METIAN, M., HASAN, M. R. Feed ingredients and fertilizers for farmed aquatic animals sources and composition. Roma: Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical, FAO, 2009. n. 540, 209p. Disponível em: <http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1142e/i1142e00.htm>.Acesso em:10 marc. 2013.
TERRAZAS-FIERRO, M. M. et al. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein, and essential amino acid in marine feedstuffs for juvenile whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, v. 308, n. 1, p. 166-173, 2010.
TRAM, N. D. Q. et al. A comparative study on the apparent digestibility of selected feedstuffs in hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus × Clarias gariepinus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Nutrition, Oxford, v. 17, n. 2, p. 636-643, 2011.
YANG, Q. et al. Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone. Aquacultu re Research, Oxford, v. 41, n. 1, p. 78-86, 2009.
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