GREEN BEAN YIELD AND PATH ANALYSIS IN COWPEA LANDRACES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n411rcKeywords:
Vigna unguiculata. Green grain. Landraces.Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is widely cultivated in northeast Brazil for production of both green grains and dry grains. Green grains are cowpea grains with a 60 to 70% moisture content that are very appreciated by the local people. The cultivation of cowpea in northeast Brazil is performed mostly using landraces and the low yields achieved in some areas of that region are generally attributed to the cultivation of less productive landraces. The objectives of this research were to identify the best landraces in terms of green bean yield and the characters that hold the most positive direct effects on this yield via path analysis. Twelve landraces of undetermined growth were evaluated in two experiments conducted in Mossoró, Brazil. The first experiment (E1) was sprinkler-irrigated and the second (E2) was conducted under rainfed conditions, but was irrigated whenever necessary. Pod yield and dimensions and green grains were evaluated, in addition to the main grain yield components. A randomized block design with five replications was used. The data presented here identified eight landraces with the highest yields. In addition, cowpea yield was higher in the dry season (E1) than in the rainy season (E2). The number of pods per plant had the largest direct positive effect on green grain yield.Downloads
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References
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ALMEIDA, W. S. et al. Correlation and path analysis in components of grain yield of cowpea genotypes. Revista Ciência Agronômica, Fortaleza, v. 45, n. 4, p. 726-736, 2014.
ATLIN, G. N.; FREY, K. J. Predicting the relative effectiveness of direct versus indirect selection for oat yield in three types of stress environments. Euphytica, Dordrecht, v. 44, n. 1, p. 137-142, 1989.
BELANE, A. K.; DAKORA, F. D. Symbiotic N2 fixation in 30 field-grown cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes in the Upper West Region of Ghana measured using 15N natural abundance. Biology and Fertility of Soils, Heildeberg, v. 46, n. 2, p. 191-198, 2010.
BERTINI, C. H. C. M. et al. Análise multivariada e índice de seleção na identificação de genótipos superiores de feijão-caupi. Acta Scientiarum: Agronomy, Maringá, v. 32, n. 4, p. 613-619, 2010.
BIRADAR, S.; SALIMATH, P. M.; PATIL, B. C. Land race as a source for improving photosynthetic rate and productivity in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata W.). Eletronic Journal of Plant Breeding, Coimbatore, v. 1, n. 4, p. 872-877, 2010.
BOUKAR, O.; FATOKUN, C. Strategies in cowpea breeding. In: ZERIHUN, T. (Ed.). New approaches to plant breeding of orphan crops in Africa. Rome: FAO, 2009. cap. 6, p. 69-92.
BRANCOURT-HULMEL, M. et al. Indirect versus direct selection of winter wheat for low-input or high-input levels. Crop Science, Madison, v. 45, n. 4, p. 1427-1431, 2005.
BRESEGHELLO, F.; COELHO, A. S. G. Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with examples in rice (Oriza sativa L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Washington, v. 61, n. 35, p. 8277-82-86, 2013.
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CARVALHO, S. P.; CRUZ, C. D. Diagnosis of multicollinearity: assesssment of the condition of correlation matrices used in genetic studies. Revista Brasileira de Genética, Ribeirão Preto, v. 19, n. 3, p. 479-484, 1996.
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GBAGUIDI, A. A. et al. Diversity and agronomic performances of the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) landraces in Southern Benin. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science, Aliero, v. 3, n. 4, p. 121-133, 2013.
GHALMI, N. et al. Morphological and molecular diversity within Algerian cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) landraces. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Dordrecht, v. 57, n. 3, p. 371-386, 2010.
GRAVOIS, K. A. Optimizing selection for rough rice yield, head rice, and total milled rice. Euphytica, Dordrecht, v. 101, n. 2, p. 151-156, 1998.
GRAVOIS, K. A.; McNEW, R. W. Genetic relationships among and selection for rice yield and yield components. Crop Science, Madison, v. 33, n. 2, p. 249-252, 1992.
HALL, A. E.; GRANTZ, D. A. Drought resistance of cowpea improved by selecting for early appearance of mature pods. Crop Science, Madison, v. 21, n. 3, p. 461-461, 1980.
HEDGE, V. S.; MISHRA, S. K. Landraces of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., as potential sources of genes for unique characters in breeding. Genetics resources and Crop Evolution, Dordrecht, v. 56, n. 5, p. 615-627, 2009.
HITIKSHA, K. P.; ACHARYA, R. R.; SHEETAL, R. P. Interrelationship among green pod yield and its yield contributing characters and biochemical characters vegetable cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Trends in Biosciences, New Delhi, v. 7, n. 23, p. 3972-3976, 2014.
KUMAR, J.; BAHL, P. N. Direct and indirect selection for yield in chickpea. Euphytica, Dordrecht, v. 60, n. 3, p. 197-199, 1992.
MAKOI, J. H. J. R.; CHIMPHANGO, S. B. M.; DAKORA, F. D. Effect of legume plant density and mixed culture on symbiotic N2 fixation in five cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes in South Africa. Symbiosis, Normal, v. 48, n. 1, p. 57-67, 2009.
MISHRA, H. N.; DASH, S. R. A study on variability, character association and path analysis for green pod yield in yard long bean [Vigna unguiculata subsp sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt]. Vegetable Science, New Delhi, v. 36, n. 3, p. 319-322, 2009.
MOHAMMADI, K. et al. Effective factors on biological nitrogen fixation. African Journal of Agricultural Research, Nairobi, v. 7, n. 12, p. 1782-1788, 2012.
MOHAMMED, M. S.; RUSSOM, Z.; ABDUL, S. D. Inheritance of hairiness and pod shattering, heritability and correlation studies in crosses between cultivated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and its wild (var. pubescens) relative. Euphytica, Dordrecht, v. 171, n. 3, p. 397-407, 2009.
MONTGOMERY, D. C.; PECK, E. A. Introduction to linear regression analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981. 504 p.
NETER, J.; WASSERMAN, W.; KUTNER, M. H. Applied linear regression models. Homewood: Richard D. Irwin Inc., 1983. 547 p.
NWOFIA, G. E.; OGBONNA, N. D.; AGBO, C. U. Path analysis and heritability estimates of yield and yield components in vegetable cowpea as influenced by planting season. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, Dubai, v. 13, n. 9, p. 1283-1289, 2013.
OGUNBODEDE, B. A. Comparison between three methods of determining the relationships between yield and eight of its components in cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. Scientia Horticulturae, Amsterdam, v. 38, n. 3-4, p. 201-205, 1989.
PADI, F. K.; EHLERS, J. D. Effectiveness of early generation selection in cowpea for grain yield and agronomic characteristics in semiarid West Africa. Crop Science, Madison, v. 48, n. 2, p. 533-540, 2008.
PEKSEN, A. Fresh pod yield and some pod characteristics of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes from Turkey. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, Deira, v. 3, n. 3, p. 269-273, 2004.
POLEGRI, L.; NEGRI, V. Molecular markers for promoting agro-biodiversity conservation: a case study from Italy. How cowpea landraces were saved from extinction. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Dordrecht, v. 57, n. 6, p. 867-880, 2010.
ROSIELLE, A. A.; FREY, K. J. Estimates of selection parameters associated with harvest index in oat lines derived from a bulk population. Euphytica, Dordrecht, v. 24, n. 1, p. 121-131, 1975.
SANTOS, A. et al. Correlations and path analysis of yield components in cowpea. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, Viçosa, v. 14, n. 2, p. 82-87, 2014.
SAPARA, G. K.; JAVIA, R. M. Correlation and path analysis in vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). International Journal of Plant Sciences, Amsterdam, v. 9, n. 1, p. 138-141, 2014.
SHIMELIS, H.; SHIRINGANI, R. Variance components and heritabilities of yield and agronomic traits among cowpea genotypes. Euphytica, Dordrecht, v. 176, n. 3, p. 383-389, 2010.
TOEBE, M.; CARGNELUTTI FILHO, A. Multicollinearity in path analysis of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Cereal Science, London, v. 57, n. 3, p. 453-462, May 2013.
UMAHARAN, P.; ARIANAYAGAM, R. P.; HAQUE, S. Q. Genetic analysis of yield and its componentes in vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). Euphytica, Dordrecht, v. 96, n. 2, p. 207-213, 1997.
WRIGHT, S. Path coefficients and path analysis: alternative or complementary. Biometrics, Washington, v. 16, n. 2, p. 189-202, 1960.
ALMEIDA, W. S. et al. Correlation and path analysis in components of grain yield of cowpea genotypes. Revista Ciência Agronômica, Fortaleza, v. 45, n. 4, p. 726-736, 2014.
ATLIN, G. N.; FREY, K. J. Predicting the relative effectiveness of direct versus indirect selection for oat yield in three types of stress environments. Euphytica, Dordrecht, v. 44, n. 1, p. 137-142, 1989.
BELANE, A. K.; DAKORA, F. D. Symbiotic N2 fixation in 30 field-grown cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes in the Upper West Region of Ghana measured using 15N natural abundance. Biology and Fertility of Soils, Heildeberg, v. 46, n. 2, p. 191-198, 2010.
BERTINI, C. H. C. M. et al. Análise multivariada e índice de seleção na identificação de genótipos superiores de feijão-caupi. Acta Scientiarum: Agronomy, Maringá, v. 32, n. 4, p. 613-619, 2010.
BIRADAR, S.; SALIMATH, P. M.; PATIL, B. C. Land race as a source for improving photosynthetic rate and productivity in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata W.). Eletronic Journal of Plant Breeding, Coimbatore, v. 1, n. 4, p. 872-877, 2010.
BOUKAR, O.; FATOKUN, C. Strategies in cowpea breeding. In: ZERIHUN, T. (Ed.). New approaches to plant breeding of orphan crops in Africa. Rome: FAO, 2009. cap. 6, p. 69-92.
BRANCOURT-HULMEL, M. et al. Indirect versus direct selection of winter wheat for low-input or high-input levels. Crop Science, Madison, v. 45, n. 4, p. 1427-1431, 2005.
BRESEGHELLO, F.; COELHO, A. S. G. Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with examples in rice (Oriza sativa L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Washington, v. 61, n. 35, p. 8277-82-86, 2013.
CARMO FILHO, F.; OLIVEIRA, O. F. Mossoró: um município do semi-árido nordestino. Mossoró: ESAM, 1989. 62 p. (Coleção mossoroense, 672).
CARVALHO, S. P.; CRUZ, C. D. Diagnosis of multicollinearity: assesssment of the condition of correlation matrices used in genetic studies. Revista Brasileira de Genética, Ribeirão Preto, v. 19, n. 3, p. 479-484, 1996.
CRUZ, C. D. GENES - A software package for analysis in experimental statistics and quantitative genetics. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy, Maringá, v. 35, n. 3, p. 271-276, 2013.
CRUZ, C. D.; REGAZZI, A. J.; CARNEIRO, P. C. S. Modelos biométricos aplicados ao melhoramento genético. 4. ed. Viçosa, MG: Editora UFV, 2012. v. 1, 514 p.
EMBRAPA. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa do Solo. Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 2. ed. Brasília, DF: Serviço de Produção de Informação, 2006. 306 p.
FAO. Soil map of the world; revised legend. Rome: UNESCO, 1988. 119 p.
FREIRE FILHO, F. R. et al. Production, breeding and potential of cowpea crop in Brazil. Teresina: Embrapa Mid-North, 2012. 54 p. (Documentos 216).
GBAGUIDI, A. A. et al. Diversity and agronomic performances of the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) landraces in Southern Benin. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science, Aliero, v. 3, n. 4, p. 121-133, 2013.
GHALMI, N. et al. Morphological and molecular diversity within Algerian cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) landraces. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Dordrecht, v. 57, n. 3, p. 371-386, 2010.
GRAVOIS, K. A. Optimizing selection for rough rice yield, head rice, and total milled rice. Euphytica, Dordrecht, v. 101, n. 2, p. 151-156, 1998.
GRAVOIS, K. A.; McNEW, R. W. Genetic relationships among and selection for rice yield and yield components. Crop Science, Madison, v. 33, n. 2, p. 249-252, 1992.
HALL, A. E.; GRANTZ, D. A. Drought resistance of cowpea improved by selecting for early appearance of mature pods. Crop Science, Madison, v. 21, n. 3, p. 461-461, 1980.
HEDGE, V. S.; MISHRA, S. K. Landraces of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., as potential sources of genes for unique characters in breeding. Genetics resources and Crop Evolution, Dordrecht, v. 56, n. 5, p. 615-627, 2009.
HITIKSHA, K. P.; ACHARYA, R. R.; SHEETAL, R. P. Interrelationship among green pod yield and its yield contributing characters and biochemical characters vegetable cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Trends in Biosciences, New Delhi, v. 7, n. 23, p. 3972-3976, 2014.
KUMAR, J.; BAHL, P. N. Direct and indirect selection for yield in chickpea. Euphytica, Dordrecht, v. 60, n. 3, p. 197-199, 1992.
MAKOI, J. H. J. R.; CHIMPHANGO, S. B. M.; DAKORA, F. D. Effect of legume plant density and mixed culture on symbiotic N2 fixation in five cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes in South Africa. Symbiosis, Normal, v. 48, n. 1, p. 57-67, 2009.
MISHRA, H. N.; DASH, S. R. A study on variability, character association and path analysis for green pod yield in yard long bean [Vigna unguiculata subsp sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt]. Vegetable Science, New Delhi, v. 36, n. 3, p. 319-322, 2009.
MOHAMMADI, K. et al. Effective factors on biological nitrogen fixation. African Journal of Agricultural Research, Nairobi, v. 7, n. 12, p. 1782-1788, 2012.
MOHAMMED, M. S.; RUSSOM, Z.; ABDUL, S. D. Inheritance of hairiness and pod shattering, heritability and correlation studies in crosses between cultivated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and its wild (var. pubescens) relative. Euphytica, Dordrecht, v. 171, n. 3, p. 397-407, 2009.
MONTGOMERY, D. C.; PECK, E. A. Introduction to linear regression analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981. 504 p.
NETER, J.; WASSERMAN, W.; KUTNER, M. H. Applied linear regression models. Homewood: Richard D. Irwin Inc., 1983. 547 p.
NWOFIA, G. E.; OGBONNA, N. D.; AGBO, C. U. Path analysis and heritability estimates of yield and yield components in vegetable cowpea as influenced by planting season. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, Dubai, v. 13, n. 9, p. 1283-1289, 2013.
OGUNBODEDE, B. A. Comparison between three methods of determining the relationships between yield and eight of its components in cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. Scientia Horticulturae, Amsterdam, v. 38, n. 3-4, p. 201-205, 1989.
PADI, F. K.; EHLERS, J. D. Effectiveness of early generation selection in cowpea for grain yield and agronomic characteristics in semiarid West Africa. Crop Science, Madison, v. 48, n. 2, p. 533-540, 2008.
PEKSEN, A. Fresh pod yield and some pod characteristics of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes from Turkey. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, Deira, v. 3, n. 3, p. 269-273, 2004.
POLEGRI, L.; NEGRI, V. Molecular markers for promoting agro-biodiversity conservation: a case study from Italy. How cowpea landraces were saved from extinction. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Dordrecht, v. 57, n. 6, p. 867-880, 2010.
ROSIELLE, A. A.; FREY, K. J. Estimates of selection parameters associated with harvest index in oat lines derived from a bulk population. Euphytica, Dordrecht, v. 24, n. 1, p. 121-131, 1975.
SANTOS, A. et al. Correlations and path analysis of yield components in cowpea. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, Viçosa, v. 14, n. 2, p. 82-87, 2014.
SAPARA, G. K.; JAVIA, R. M. Correlation and path analysis in vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). International Journal of Plant Sciences, Amsterdam, v. 9, n. 1, p. 138-141, 2014.
SHIMELIS, H.; SHIRINGANI, R. Variance components and heritabilities of yield and agronomic traits among cowpea genotypes. Euphytica, Dordrecht, v. 176, n. 3, p. 383-389, 2010.
TOEBE, M.; CARGNELUTTI FILHO, A. Multicollinearity in path analysis of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Cereal Science, London, v. 57, n. 3, p. 453-462, May 2013.
UMAHARAN, P.; ARIANAYAGAM, R. P.; HAQUE, S. Q. Genetic analysis of yield and its componentes in vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). Euphytica, Dordrecht, v. 96, n. 2, p. 207-213, 1997.
WRIGHT, S. Path coefficients and path analysis: alternative or complementary. Biometrics, Washington, v. 16, n. 2, p. 189-202, 1960.
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