INCREASE IN WATER-SCARCITY RISK IN A BRAZILIAN DRY-REGION RESERVOIR

Margarita Maria López Gil; José Carlos de Araújo; Suzana Maria Gico Lima Montenegro; Juliana Maria de Morais Sobreira Valença

doi:10.1590/1983-21252020v33n418rc

Authors

Margarita Maria López Gil Center of Technology and Urbanism, Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Teresina, PI https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-9557
José Carlos de Araújo Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-151X
Suzana Maria Gico Lima Montenegro Department of Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-5761
Juliana Maria de Morais Sobreira Valença Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Piauí, Picos, PI https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1003-3557

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n418rc

Keywords:

Caatinga biome. Cerrado biome. Water management. Water demand. Silting.

Abstract

This study assesses the extent to which silting increases water-scarcity risk, considering the temporal reduction of water availability and increased demand using land use and water-demand scenarios at the transition of Caatinga and Cerrado biomes of the Bocaina reservoir watershed (10²hm³), in the Brazilian dry region. Methodological steps were: reservoir silting measured in-situ 20 years after dam construction; climate variables computed with the aid of a conventional station (2005–2014); soil erodibility assessed using 16 soil samples; and topography and land cover estimated based on 21 years of Landsat imagery. Three land use scenarios were generated (invariability, degradation and preservation) with the climate scenario derived from the semi-arid rainfall temporal variability; whereas two water-demand scenarios (invariability and higher efficiency) were a function of the efficiency of the irrigation systems. Water availability was calculated using the volume-yield elasticity (VYELAS) Model. The field results (1985–2015) showed a gross erosion rate of 13.5 Mg·ha^-1·yr^-¹ in the basin. The annual sediment yield (1.7 Mg·ha^-1) and the decadal reservoir silting (1.0%) were below regional average due to the low sediment delivery ratio (12.6%) in the area. Scenario projections (2040) suggest water demand may double if irrigation methods do not improve, whereas siltation may cause water availability to decrease up to 10% in the period. In this case, the water-supply reliability will be below the recommended standard value (90%), regardless of the land use scenario. Nevertheless, simultaneous soil preservation and improved irrigation efficiency can reduce the decadal water-scarcity risk from 82% (worst scenario) to 17%.

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